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Provenance of this page
Ontology Specification Draft

[Ontology Name]: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Cross-reference for [Ontology Name] classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by [Ontology Name].

Classes

Business Constraintc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#BusinessConstraint

A business restriction on architecture options, such as budget limits, regulatory compliance, or organizational policies.
has super-classes
Constraint c

Constraintc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Constraint

A restriction that limits architecture options.
has super-classes
Requirement c
has sub-classes
Business Constraint c, Technical Constraint c

Decisionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Decision

An architecture decision that records a chosen course of action, its rationale, and the forces and options considered during the decision process.
Example
ex:ADR-042 a ad:Decision ;
    skos:prefLabel "ADR-042: Use read replicas for Orders DB scaling"@en ;
    ad:hasIssue ex:DBScalabilityIssue ;
    ad:hasSelectedOption ex:ReadReplicas ;
    ad:hasAlternative ex:VerticalScaling, ex:CQRSOption ;
    ad:influencedByForce ex:AvailabilityReq, ex:PerformanceReq, ex:BudgetConstraint ;
    ad:relatedConcept ex:OrdersDB ;
    ad:justification "Read replicas provide horizontal scaling without downtime."@en .
has super-classes
element c
is in domain of
caused by op, conflicts with op, depends on op, has alternative op, has decision goal op, has influence op, has issue op, has selected option op, influenced by op, justification dp, justification document op, pertains to op, related concept op, related decision op, replaces op
is in range of
caused by op, conflicts with op, depends on op, has decision op, issue caused by op, related decision op, replaces op

Decision Statec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#DecisionState

The lifecycle state of an architecture decision, such as proposed, accepted, deprecated, or superseded.
Example
Common states: Proposed, Accepted, Deprecated, Superseded.
Compatible with MADR status values.

Forcec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Force

An architecture force — also referred to as an architecture driver (as in ADD) or motivation — that influences architecture decisions. The name Force is chosen as a more generic term that encompasses all factors influencing decisions, distinguishing it from the narrower meaning of Driver or Motivation.
Example
ex:BudgetConstraint a ad:BusinessConstraint ;
    skos:prefLabel "Infrastructure Budget Limit"@en ;
    skos:definition "Monthly infrastructure cost must not exceed €15,000."@en ;
    ad:supportedByStakeholder ex:PlatformTeamLead ;
    ad:hasImportanceMeasure "high" .
has super-classes
element c
has sub-classes
Personal Preference c, Policy c, Principle c, Requirement c, Trend c
is in domain of
complementary force op, has impact flexibility dp, has impact measure dp, has impact volatility dp, opposing force op, supported by stakeholder op
is in range of
addresses force op, complementary force op, influenced by op, influencing force op, opposing force op

Force Influencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#ForceInfluence

A qualified relationship that describes the influence of a Force onto a Decision. Used with the hasInfluence relationship.
has super-classes
qualified relationship c
has sub-classes
Impending Influence c, Supporting Influence c
is in domain of
has influence measure dp
is in range of
has influence op

Functional Requirementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#FunctionalRequirement

A requirement specifying a function the system must perform.
has super-classes
Requirement c

Impactc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Impact

The effect that a decision or option has on model concepts. Used with the affects relationship in the core ontology when linking ModelConcepts.

Impending Influencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#ImpendingInfluence

An influence that opposes or hinders a decision option.
has super-classes
Force Influence c

Issuec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Issue

A problem or concern that requires an architecture decision. An Issue can be associated with any model concept and is also referred to as a Problem or a Decision-Required statement.
Example
ex:ScalabilityIssue a ad:Issue ;
    skos:prefLabel "Database cannot handle peak load"@en ;
    ad:problemStatement "Current PostgreSQL instance reaches 95% CPU during Black Friday sales"@en ;
    ad:issueOwner ex:SolutionArchitect .
has super-classes
element c
is in domain of
has decision op, influencing force op, issue caused by op, issue owner op, issue reported by op, problem statement dp
is in range of
associated issue op, has issue op, issue caused by op

Iterationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Iteration

An iteration in the Attribute-Driven Design (ADD) process, grouping a set of related decisions and their goals.
Example
ex:ADDIteration1 a ad:Iteration ;
    skos:prefLabel "ADD Iteration 1 — Establish Overall Structure"@en ;
    ad:hasDecisionGoal ex:SelectReferenceArchitecture ;
    ad:hasDecision ex:ADR-001, ex:ADR-002 .

Optionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Option

A candidate solution considered during the architecture decision process. Each Option addresses one or more forces and may include elements, tactics, or patterns.
Example
ex:Option1 a ad:Option ;
    skos:prefLabel "Vertical scaling — upgrade to larger instance"@en ;
    ad:addressesForce ex:PerformanceReq ;
    ad:includesConcept ex:LargerDBInstance .
ex:Option2 a ad:Option ;
    skos:prefLabel "Horizontal scaling — read replicas"@en ;
    ad:addressesForce ex:PerformanceReq, ex:AvailabilityReq ;
    ad:addsConcept ex:ReadReplica1, ex:ReadReplica2 .
has super-classes
element c
is in domain of
addresses force op, adds concept op, affects concept op, has risk op, includes concept op, makes use of concept op, modifies concept op, removes concept op
is in range of
applied in option op, has alternative op, has selected option op

Personal Preferencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#PersonalPreference

Someone's personal preference. Often not mentioned, but important to take into consideration as a force influencing architecture decisions.
has super-classes
Force c

Policyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Policy

An organizational policy that constrains architecture decisions.
has super-classes
Force c

Principlec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Principle

A qualitative statement of intent that should be met by the architecture. It has at least a supporting rationale and a measure of importance.
has super-classes
Force c

Quality Attribute Requirementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#QualityAttributeRequirement

A requirement on a specific [QualityAttribute](#QualityAttribute). Quality Attribute Requirements are described using Quality Attribute Scenarios. To model QAS use the properties: * [qasDescription](#qasDescription) * [qasSourceOfStimulus](#qasSourceOfStimulus) * [qasStimulus](#qasStimulus) * [qasEnvironment](#qasEnvironment) * [qasArtifact](#qasArtifact) * [qasResponse](#qasResponse) * [qasResponseMeasure](#qasResponseMeasure) Quality Attribute Requirements are tightly related to Technical Debt. Not addressing these software quality forces will increase the Technical Debt, which in turn will increase the force itself and also the cost to address that force later on.
Example
ex:AvailabilityReq a ad:QualityAttributeRequirement ;
    skos:prefLabel "Payment Service Availability Under Peak Load"@en ;
    ad:onQualityAttribute iso25010:Availability ;
    ad:qasSourceOfStimulus "External users"@en ;
    ad:qasStimulus "Black Friday peak load (10x normal traffic)"@en ;
    ad:qasEnvironment "Normal operation, all regions active"@en ;
    ad:qasArtifact ex:PaymentService ;
    ad:qasResponse "Service continues processing transactions"@en ;
    ad:qasResponseMeasure "99.95% uptime, p99 latency < 500ms"@en .
has super-classes
Requirement c
is in domain of
QAS artifact op, QAS description dp, QAS environment op, QAS response op, QAS response measure op, QAS source of stimulus op, QAS stimulus op, on quality attribute op

Requirementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Requirement

A statement of need that drives architecture decisions.
has super-classes
Force c
has sub-classes
Constraint c, Functional Requirement c, Quality Attribute Requirement c
is in domain of
has difficulty measure dp, has importance measure dp, requested by stakeholder op
is in range of
has requirement op, realize requirement op

Supporting Influencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#SupportingInfluence

An influence that supports or favors a decision option.
has super-classes
Force Influence c

Technical Constraintc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#TechnicalConstraint

A technical restriction on implementation choices, such as mandated technologies or platform limitations.
has super-classes
Constraint c

Trendc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#Trend

A general direction in which something is developing or changing. This can be a generic technology trend or specific to the domain of interest.
has super-classes
Force c

Object Properties

addresses forceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#addressesForce

Links an Option to a Force that it directly addresses or satisfies.
Example
An Option for caching addresses the Performance force.
has domain
Option c
has range
Force c

adds conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#addsConcept

Links an Option to a new ModelConcept that would be introduced if the Option is selected.
Example
An Option adds a new Message Broker component to the architecture.
has super-properties
affects concept op
has domain
Option c
has range
model concept c

affects conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#affectsConcept

Links an Option to a ModelConcept that would be affected if the Option is selected.
Example
Selecting a microservices Option affects the existing monolithic Application Component.
has sub-properties
adds concept op, makes use of concept op, modifies concept op, removes concept op
has domain
Option c
has range
model concept c

applied in optionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#appliedInOption

Links a Tactic, Pattern, or Reference Architecture to a Decision Option in which it is applied.
has domain
pattern c
reference architecture c
tactic c
has range
Option c

associated issueop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#associatedIssue

Links a ModelConcept directly to an Issue that needs to be addressed. These issues may relate to specific requirements or can map technical debt after a decision process.
has domain
model concept c
has range
Issue c

caused byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#causedBy

Links a Decision to another Decision that caused or triggered it.
has super-properties
related decision op
has domain
Decision c
has range
Decision c

complementary forceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#complementaryForce

Links a Force to another Force that complements or reinforces it.
Example
A Reliability force complements an Availability force since both aim at continuous service.
has domain
Force c
has range
Force c

conflicts withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#conflictsWith

Links a Decision to another Decision that it conflicts with.
has super-properties
related decision op
has domain
Decision c
has range
Decision c

depends onop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#dependsOn

Links a Decision to another Decision that it depends on or requires as a prerequisite.
has super-properties
related decision op
has domain
Decision c
has range
Decision c

has alternativeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasAlternative

Links a Decision to a candidate Option that was considered but not necessarily selected. Options can be any Element, and standard options can be modelled as part of a ReferenceArchitecture in the form of building blocks, tactics, or patterns.
has domain
Decision c
has range
Option c

has decisionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasDecision

Links an Issue to the Decision that addresses it.
has domain
Issue c
has range
Decision c
is inverse of
has issue op

has decision goalop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasDecisionGoal

Links a Decision to its goal, related to the ADD concept of iteration goal. The goal can also indicate the type of decision, such as choosing a reference architecture, tactic, or a combination of goals. Goals can be classified as concepts and referred to in the Architecture Metamodel.
has domain
Decision c
has range
concept c

has influenceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasInfluence

Qualifies how a Force influenced a Decision, using an instance of ForceInfluence.
has domain
Decision c
has range
Force Influence c

has issueop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasIssue

Links a Decision to the Issue that it is supposed to address.
has domain
Decision c
has range
Issue c
is inverse of
has decision op

has requirementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasRequirement

Links a Stakeholder to a Requirement that they have requested.
has domain
stakeholder c
has range
Requirement c
is inverse of
requested by stakeholder op

has riskop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasRisk

Links an Option to a risk associated with selecting it. Risk is highly related to the level of uncertainty.
Example
An Option for a novel technology carries a risk of insufficient community support.
has domain
Option c
has range
thing c

has selected optionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasSelectedOption

Links a Decision to the Option that was ultimately selected as the chosen solution.
has domain
Decision c
has range
Option c

includes conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#includesConcept

Specifies ModelConcepts such as Elements, Relationships, and Viewpoints that are part of the Option.
Example
An Option for Shared Repository DBMS includes MySQL; another may include PostgreSQL; another MongoDB.
has super-properties
has part op
has domain
Option c
has range
model concept c

influenced byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#influencedByForce

Links a Decision to the forces that actually influenced it. Note that for a chosen Option we already have the forces being addressed, but those are not quantified and we do not know what pushed for that particular option other than the rationale.
has domain
Decision c
has range
Force c

influencing forceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#influencingForce

Links an Issue to forces that potentially influence it. These may differ from the forces that actually drive the final decision.
has domain
Issue c
has range
Force c

issue caused byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#issueCausedBy

Links an Issue to the element that caused it. An Issue can be caused by another Issue, a Decision, or any internal or external Element such as a global environmental event or change of strategy.
has domain
Issue c
has range
element c
range includes
Decision c
Issue c

issue ownerop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#issueOwner

Links an Issue to the Stakeholder who is responsible for resolving it.
has domain
Issue c
has range
stakeholder c

issue reported byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#issueReportedBy

Links an Issue to the entity that reported it. The reporter can be a Stakeholder or any other Element such as a monitoring system or audit process.
has domain
Issue c
has range
element c

justification documentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#justificationDocument

An externally documented architecture rationale that justifies the Decision.
has domain
Decision c
has range
creative work c

makes use of conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#makesUseConcept

Links an Option to an existing ModelConcept that it reuses without significant changes.
Example
An Option reuses the existing API Gateway without modification.
has super-properties
affects concept op
has domain
Option c
has range
model concept c

modifies conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#modifiesConcept

Links an Option to a ModelConcept that would be modified if the Option is selected.
Example
An Option modifies the existing Authentication Service to support OAuth 2.0.
has super-properties
affects concept op
has domain
Option c
has range
model concept c

on quality attributeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#onQualityAttribute

Relates a QualityAttributeRequirement to the QualityAttribute it constrains.
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c
has range
quality attribute c

opposing forceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#opposingForce

Links a Force to another Force that opposes or conflicts with it.
Example
A Security force may oppose a Usability force when strict authentication hinders user experience.
has domain
Force c
has range
Force c

pertains toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#pertainsTo

Links a Decision to the architecture consideration (stakeholder perspective, aspect, or concern) that it addresses.
has domain
Decision c
has range
consideration c

QAS artifactop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qasArtifact

The system artifact that is stimulated in the Quality Attribute Scenario, such as a service, component, or data store.
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c
range includes
element c

QAS environmentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qasEnvironment

The conditions under which the stimulus occurs, such as normal operation, peak load, or degraded mode.
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c

QAS responseop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qasResponse

The activity or behavior the system exhibits in response to the stimulus in the Quality Attribute Scenario.
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c

QAS response measureop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qasResponseMeasure

The measurable criterion used to determine whether the response satisfies the Quality Attribute Scenario.
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c
range includes
quality measure

QAS source of stimulusop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qasSourceOfStimulus

The entity (a human, a computer system, or any other actuator) that generated the stimulus in a Quality Attribute Scenario.
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c

QAS stimulusop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qasStimulus

The condition or event that triggers the Quality Attribute Scenario, such as a user request, a fault, or an attack.
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c

quality attribute matchop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qualityAttributeMatch

Maps ontology concepts between domains, for example between Tactics and Quality Attributes.
has super-properties
broad match op, mapping relation op

realize requirementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#realizeRequirement

Links an Element to a Requirement that it realizes or fulfills.
has domain
element c
has range
Requirement c

related conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#relatedConcept

Links a Decision to a ModelConcept that is related to or affected by the decision.
has domain
Decision c
has range
model concept c

related decisionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#relatedDecision

Links a Decision to another related Decision, indicating a general relationship between the two.
has sub-properties
caused by op, conflicts with op, depends on op, replaces op
has domain
Decision c
has range
Decision c

removes conceptop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#removesConcept

Links an Option to a ModelConcept that would be removed from the architecture if the Option is selected.
Example
An Option removes the legacy batch-processing service.
has super-properties
affects concept op
has domain
Option c
has range
model concept c

replacesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#replaces

Links a Decision to a previous Decision that it supersedes.
has super-properties
related decision op
has domain
Decision c
has range
Decision c

requested by stakeholderop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#requestedByStakeholder

Links a Requirement to the Stakeholder who requested it.
has super-properties
supported by stakeholder op
has domain
Requirement c
has range
stakeholder c
is inverse of
has requirement op

supported by stakeholderop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#supportedByStakeholder

Links a Force to the Stakeholder who supports or champions it.
has sub-properties
requested by stakeholder op
has domain
Force c
has range
stakeholder c

Data Properties

has difficulty measuredp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasDifficultyMeasure

Quantifies the difficulty of realizing a Requirement, measured by the impact and effort required. This measure can be stated, but in reality it often depends on the available Options. The less difficult the Requirement, the more influence it might have on the overall solution.
has domain
Requirement c

has impact flexibilitydp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasImpactFlexibility

Indicates the degree to which an architect could influence or change the impact of this force.
has domain
Force c

has impact measuredp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasImpactMeasure

Quantifies the general impact of a Force. This impact results in a specific influence onto a decision.
has domain
Force c

has impact volatilitydp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasImpactVolatility

Indicates how much the impact of the force changes over time. This can be measured by capturing the resulting influence on concrete Issues and Decisions.
has domain
Force c

has importance measuredp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasImportanceMeasure

Quantifies the importance of a Requirement, measured by the value it creates for the business, a particular Stakeholder, technology strategy, or Technical Debt reduction. The more important the Requirement, the more influence it might have on the overall solution.
has domain
Requirement c

has influence measuredp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#hasInfluenceMeasure

Quantifies the influence of a Force onto a Decision via a ForceInfluence instance.
has domain
Force Influence c

justificationdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#justification

Architecture rationale text that justifies the Decision.
has domain
Decision c
has range
string

problem statementdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#problemStatement

A textual description of the problem or concern that the Issue represents.
has domain
Issue c
has range
string

QAS descriptiondp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/arch-decision#qasDescription

Textual description of the Quality Attribute Scenario. To qualify and distinguish different elements use the specific QAS properties: [qasSourceOfStimulus](#qasSourceOfStimulus), [qasStimulus](#qasStimulus), [qasEnvironment](#qasEnvironment), [qasArtifact](#qasArtifact), [qasResponse](#qasResponse), and [qasResponseMeasure](#qasResponseMeasure).
has domain
Quality Attribute Requirement c
has range
string

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties

Acknowledgments back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.